Drop centering device

ABSTRACT

A variable-focus lens that includes a wall made of an insulating material, a drop of an insulating liquid arranged on an area of a first surface of the wall, a conductive liquid covering the first surface and the drop, and an electrode arranged on a second surface of said wall. The insulating and conductive liquids are non-miscible, having different optical indexes and substantially the same density. The drop of the variable-focus lens is centered in a truncated cone centered on an axis perpendicular to the first surface, the bottom of which is pierced with a centered hole, and the insulating material wall is transparent and covers the hole.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of application Ser. No.11/589,277, filed on Oct. 30, 2006, in the name of Bruno Berge.Application Ser. No. 11/589,277 is a Continuation of application Ser.No. 10/812,307, filed on Mar. 30, 2004, in the name of Bruno Berge.Application Ser. No. 10/812,307 is both a Continuation of applicationSer. No. 09/937,508, filed on May 22, 2002, in the name of Bruno Berge,and is a Continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/529,193, filedon Jul. 25, 2000. Application Ser. No. 09/937,508 was filed as anational stage application of International Application No.PCT/FR00/00751, filed Mar. 24, 2000, which claims the right of prioritybased on French Patent Application No. 99/03980, filed Mar. 26, 1999.Application Ser. No. 09/529,193, was filed as a national stageapplication of International Application No. PCT/FR98/02143 and whichwas also copending with International Application No. PCT/FR00/00751.International Application No. PCT/FR98/02143 claims the right ofpriority based on French Patent Application No. 97/12781, filed Oct. 8,1997.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the maintaining of a liquid drop in apredetermined position on a solid surface, and more specifically to thecentering of such a drop.

BACKGROUND

For various reasons, it may be desired to maintain a drop laid on asurface, accurately centered on a predetermined axis. A known way (bythe inventor) consists of modifying around this axis the surfacewetability with respect to the drop liquid.

FIG. 1 shows a side cross-section view of a liquid drop 2 laid on asurface 4. Surface 4 has been processed in a circular area C1 centeredon an axis O. The processing of area C1 is such that its wetability withrespect to the liquid of drop 2 is strong. Thus, capillarity forcesmaintain drop 2 centered on axis O.

An improvement, not shown, of such a surface processing consists ofcreating around axis O several concentric circular areas. The processingof these areas then is such that the closer an area is to axis O, themore its wetability with respect to the liquid of drop 2 is strong. Suchan improvement enables centering drop 2 for different contact angles.This is particularly advantageous when a way of changing said angle isavailable, for example by means of an electric voltage. Such surfaceprocessings may however be difficult and expensive to implement.

An object of the present invention is to center a drop laid on a surfacewithout using a modification of the surface wetability.

SUMMARY

To achieve this object, the present invention provides a method forcentering a liquid drop at a given location of a surface, which consistsof forming at this location a flared hollow such that, at any point ofthe contact limit between the drop and the hollow, said hollow has acurvature smaller than or opposite to that of a circle tangent to thehollow surface at said point and at a symmetrical point of this surface.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the flared hollowhas the shape of a truncated cone with an axis perpendicular to saidsurface.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the flared hollowhas the shape of the upper central portion of a torus having an axisperpendicular to the surface.

According to an other aspect of the present invention, a method forcentering a liquid drop on the external surface of a convex surface isprovided, which consists of giving this surface at any point of thecontact limit with the drop a shape such that this surface has acurvature greater than that of a circle tangent to this surface at thispoint and at a symmetrical point of this surface.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the convex surfaceis formed by revolution against said axis of an arc of a circle having aradius smaller than that of said tangent circle.

The present invention also provides a variable-focus lens implementingthe above-mentioned method, which includes a wall made of an isolatingmaterial, a drop of a first isolating liquid arranged on an area of afirst surface of the wall, a second conductive liquid covering the firstsurface and the drop, the first and second liquids being non-miscible,having different optical indexes and substantially the same density, andmeans for applying an electric voltage between the conductive liquid andan electrode arranged on the second surface of said wall, the drop beingplaced in a flared hollow of the wall.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the electrode is asheet metal, the flared hollow is a truncated cone formed by embossingsaid sheet metal, centered on an axis perpendicular to the firstsurface, and the bottom of which is pierced with a centered hole, andthe isolating material wall is a transparent plastic film flattenedagainst the electrode and the walls of the hollow, and which covers saidhole.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the electrode is asheet metal, the flared hollow is a truncated cone formed by machiningsaid sheet metal, centered on an axis perpendicular to the firstsurface, and the bottom of which is pierced with a centered hole, andthe isolating material wall is a transparent plastic film flattenedagainst the electrode and the walls of the hollow, and which covers saidhole.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The foregoing objects, features and advantages of the present invention,will be discussed in detail in the following non-limiting description ofspecific embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1, previously described, shows a side cross-section view of adrop-centering means according to the prior art;

FIG. 2 shows a side cross-section view of a liquid drop laid on a planarsurface;

FIGS. 3 to 7 are side cross-section views of a liquid drop placed in aflared hollow of a surface;

FIGS. 8 to 10 are side cross-section views of a liquid drop located atone end of a drop-grasping rod

FIG. 11 shows a side cross-section view of an application of the presentinvention to the centering of a transparent liquid drop used as a lens;and

FIG. 12 shows a side cross-section view of an alternative of FIG. 11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Same elements have been designated with same references in the followingdrawings. In particular, reference 2 will designate a liquid drop ofsmall dimensions, having its position on a surface essentially definedby the capillarity forces (the surface tension). Reference 4 willdesignate a surface, the wetability of which is constant with respect tothe liquid of drop 2.

FIG. 2 shows a planar surface 4 cut by an axis O perpendicular to thissurface. If a liquid drop is desired to be placed at a position Acentered on axis O, for example, by being deposited from a drop-graspingrod, the chances of achieving this with precision are small, the dropremaining where it has been laid, for example, at a position B.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, to solve the problem of the centering of adrop 2 with respect to an axis O, the present inventor has first thoughtof placing drop 2 in a hollow formed in surface 4, this hollow havingthe shape of a spherical cap symmetrical with respect to axis O.However, any position of drop 2 in hollow 6 has appeared to be a stableposition. Thus, as in the case of a planar surface 4, if drop 2 isdesired to be placed at a position A centered on axis O, the chances ofachieving this with precision are small since the drop will remain whereit has been laid, for example, at a position B.

French patent application number 97/12781 deposited by the presentapplicant describes a variable-focus liquid lens formed by a liquid droplaid at the surface of a solid, centered on an axis by the meansdescribed in relation with FIG. 1. This application further describeselectromagnetic means for deforming the drop while maintaining itcentered on the axis.

On the other hand, this patent application describes a variable-focusliquid lens formed by a liquid drop contained in a tube and maintainedcentered on the tube axis by capillarity. There thus appears that a drop2 can be centered on an axis O by being placed in a cylindrical hollowof surface 4, centered on this axis. However, it is difficult to place aliquid drop in such a cylindrical hollow while avoiding for a bubble toremain at the drop basis.

The present inventor has then systematically searched which type ofhollow centered on an axis O enables easy centering of a liquid drop onthis axis.

FIGS. 4 to 7 each represent a side cross-section view of a liquid drop 2placed in a flared hollow 6 centered on an axis O and formed in asurface 4. For a position A of drop 2, centered on axis O, CP1designates any point of the contact limit between drop 2 and the surfaceof hollow 6. The circle having its center located on axis O, and whichis tangent to the surface of the hollow both at point CP1 and at asymmetrical point CP2, is called the tangent circle TC.

FIG. 4 represents a liquid drop 2 placed in a hollow 6 formed by therevolution around axis O of an arc of a circle having a radius smallerthan that of previous circle TC. Thus, at any point CP1 of the contactlimit between the hollow surface and the drop, the surface curvature ofthe hollow is greater than that of circle TC.

FIG. 5 shows a liquid drop 2 placed in a hollow 6 formed by revolutionof a segment around axis O. Hollow 6 is a truncated cone. Thus, at anypoint CP1 of the contact limit with the drop, the surface curvature ofhollow 6 is null, smaller than that of tangent circle TC.

FIG. 6 shows a liquid drop 2 placed in a hollow 6 formed by revolutionaround axis O of an arc of a circle greater than that of previous circleTC. Thus, at any point CP1 of the contact limit with the drop, thesurface curvature of the hollow is smaller than that of tangent circleTC.

FIG. 7 shows a liquid drop 2 placed in a hollow 6 formed by revolutionaround axis O of an arc of a circle having a curvature opposite to thatof tangent circle TC. Hollow 6 corresponds to the central upper portionof a torus. At any point CP1 of the contact limit with the drop, thesurface curvature of hollow 6 is opposite to that of tangent circle TC.

The inventor has shown that, for a drop 2 placed in a flared hollow 6centered on an axis O, the surface curvature of hollow 6 at any pointCP1 of the contact limit with the drop determines whether a position Aof the drop centered on axis O is a position of equilibrium or not.

Thus, when, as in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, the curvature at any point CP1 issmaller than or inverse to that of tangent circle TC, a drop placed insuch a hollow naturally takes a position A centered on axis O.

On the other hand, when, as in FIG. 4, the curvature at any point CP1 isgreater than that of tangent circle TC, a position A of the drop,centered on axis O, is particularly unstable and will not be able to bemaintained. A drop placed in such a hollow naturally takes anout-of-center position B with respect to axis O.

Finally, when, as in FIG. 3, the curvature at any point CP1 is equal tothat of tangent circle TC, any position of the drop is stable, and adrop placed in such a hollow at a position B brought out of center willkeep this position.

Thus, the present invention provides a method for centering a drop at agiven location of a surface consisting of forming at this location aflared hollow such that, at any point CP1 of the contact limit with thedrop, this hollow has a curvature smaller than or opposite to that oftangent circle TC.

It should be noted that only the contact limit between the drop and thehollow surface counts. The shape of the hollow has no importance and itmay be flat, convex, or concave.

According to another aspect of the invention, a convex surface ofuniform wetability centered on an axis O is considered, on which is laida liquid drop, in a position A centered on axis O. Thepreviously-described point CP1 and tangent circle TC are consideredagain.

FIGS. 8 to 10 are side cross-section views of a liquid drop 14 placed ona convex surface 16 centered on an axis O.

FIG. 8 shows the case where the convex surface is spherical. The surfaceof sphere 16 at any point CP1 of the contact limit with drop 14 isalways confounded with tangent circle TC.

In the case of FIG. 9, the convex surface is conical. The “curvature” ofconical surface 16 at any point CP1 of the contact limit with drop 14 isalways smaller than that of tangent circle TC.

In the case of FIG. 10, the convex surface is formed by revolutionaround axis O of an arc of a circle having a radius smaller than that oftangent circle TC. The surface curvature at any point CP1 of the contactlimit with drop 14 is always greater than that of tangent circle TC.

The inventor has shown that, for a drop 14 placed on a convex surface 16centered on an axis O, the curvature at any point CP1 of the contactlimit with the drop determines whether a position A of the drop,centered on axis O, is a position of equilibrium of not.

Thus, when, as in FIG. 10, the curvature at any point CP1 is greaterthan that of tangent circle TC, a drop placed on such a surfacenaturally takes a position A centered on axis O.

However, as in FIG. 9, the curvature at any point CP1 is smaller thanthat of tangent circle TC, a position A of the drop, centered on axis O,is unstable. A drop placed on such a surface naturally takes a positionB brought out of center with respect to axis O.

Finally, when, as in FIG. 8, the curvature at any point CP1 is equal tothat of tangent circle TC, any position of the drop is stable, and adrop placed at an out-of-center position B will keep this position.

Thus, the present invention provides a method for centering a drop on aconvex surface which consists, at any point CP1 of the contact limitwith the drop, of giving the surface a curvature greater than that oftangent circle TC.

According to an application of this method, convex surface 16 forms theend of a rod 18 for grasping a drop 14. Indeed, for certain chemical orbiological handling operations, it is desirable to have drop-graspingrods which enable precisely and reliably handling liquid drops. Adrop-grasping rod, the end of which is formed according to the presentinvention, enables conveying definitely centered drops.

An application of the present invention to the forming of a means forcentering a liquid drop used as an optical lens will now be described.

FIG. 11 shows a simplified cross-section view of such a variable-focusliquid lens, formed in a dielectric enclosure 4 filled with a conductiveliquid 8. Dielectric 4 naturally has a low wetability with respect toconductive liquid 8. A lower surface of a wall of enclosure 4 includes ahollow 6, centered around an axis O perpendicular to this wall. Hollow 6is a truncated cone according to the present invention, such as thatshown in FIG. 5. A drop of an isolating liquid 2 is placed in hollow 6.As seen previously, isolating liquid drop 2 naturally takes a position Acentered on axis O. Isolating liquid 2 and conductive liquid 8 are bothtransparent, non-miscible, they have different optical indexes and havesubstantially the same density. The dioptre formed between liquids 8 and2 forms a surface of a liquid lens, the optical axis of which is axis Oand the other surface of which corresponds to the contact between thedrop and the bottom of the hollow. As electrode 10, including a hole 11in the vicinity of axis O, is placed on the external surface ofdielectric enclosure 4. An electrode 12 is in contact with conductiveliquid 8. Electrode 12 may be immersed in liquid 8, or be a conductivedeposition performed on an internal wall of enclosure 4. A voltagesource (not shown) enables applying a voltage V between electrodes 10and 12.

Voltage V may be increased from O volt to a maximum voltage, whichdepends on the used materials. When the voltage increases, isolatingliquid drop 2 deforms to reach a limiting position (designated withreference B). While drop 2 deforms from its position A to its positionB, the focus of the liquid lens varies.

It should be noted that, drop 2 being an isolating liquid, no microdropsoccur at its periphery when voltage V is high, conversely to what wouldoccur if the drop was a conductive liquid.

The conical shape of hollow 6 is such that, whatever the shape of drop 2that it contains, the curvature of its surface at any contact pointbetween the limit of the drop and the surface is smaller than that of atangent circle TC crossing this point. Thus, according to an aspect ofthe present invention, hollow 6 is such that, all along its deformationfrom its position A to its position B, liquid drop 2 is continuouslymaintained centered on axis O. A liquid lens with an accurately fixedoptical axis and with a focus varying with voltage V is thus available.

It should be noted that a hollow 6 according to the present invention,which ensures the continuous centering of liquid drop 2, is relativelysimple to implement and that it advantageously replaces theelectromagnetic centering means or the surface processing centeringmeans described in above-mentioned French patent application.

An A.C. voltage will preferably be used for voltage V, to avoid theaccumulation of electric loads across the thickness of material 4, fromthe surface on which is laid drop 2.

As an example, water charged with salts (mineral or others) or anyliquid, organic or not, which is conductive or made such by addition ofionic components may be used as a conductive liquid 8. For isolatingliquid 2, oil, an alkane or a mixture of alkanes, possibly halogenated,or any other isolating liquid non miscible with conductive liquid 8 maybe used. Dielectric wall 4 may be a glass plate or a superposition offluorinated polymer, epoxy resin, polyethylene. Electrode 10 may be ametal deposition.

FIG. 12 shows a simplified cross-section view of an alternativeembodiment of the variable-focus liquid lens of FIG. 11. Same referencesdesignate same elements in FIGS. 11 and 12. In this embodiment,electrode 10 may be a metal sheet in which hollow 6 is formed byembossing. It may also be a metal wall in which hollow 6 has been formedby machining, then polishing. Wall 4 then is, for example, a thintransparent plastic film flattened against electrode 10 and which covershole 11. This plastic film may for example be flattened bythermoforming.

In the example of application of FIG. 12, drop 2 has an idle diameter ofapproximately 1 to 5 mm. Conductive liquid 8 and the isolating liquid ofdrop 2 being substantially of same density, drop 2 has the shape of aspherical cap. When idle (position A), the edge of drop 2 makes an angleof approximately 45 degrees with the surface of hollow 6, if the latteris a cone having a 45-degree slope. In its limiting position (positionB), the edge of drop 2 makes an angle of approximately 90 degrees withthe surface of enclosure 4. The described device, using as conductiveliquid 8 salt water having an optical index 1.35 and, as the isolatingliquid of drop 2, oil with optical index 1.45, enables obtainingapproximately 30 diopters of focus variation for an applied voltage of250 V and a dissipated electric power of a few mW. The frequency of theA.O. voltage ranges in this case between 100 and 10,000 Hz, its periodbeing much smaller than the system response time of approximately a fewhundredths of a second.

The variable-focus lens according to the present invention may have asize ranging between a few hundreds of mm and a few tens of mm and mayin particular be applied to the field of optoelectronic, endoscopy,imaging and vision systems.

Of course, the present invention is likely to have various alternativesand modifications which will occur to those skilled in the art. Inparticular, the present description has been made in relation withhollows having a circular cross-section, that is, formed by rotationaround an axis O. However, elongated hollows having the shape of achannel may for example be provided. In this case, FIGS. 5 to 7 will beconsidered as describing the cross-section view of a channel, and axis Owill represent the symmetry plane of said channel.

On the other hand, a hollow 6 with a flat bottom has been shown in FIG.11, which results in a plano-convex lens. Now, it has been seen that theshape of the bottom of hollow 6 does not influence its properties ofcentering of drop 2. Thus, biconvex or meniscus lenses may easily beformed by modifying the curvature of the bottom of hollow 6.

On the other hand, also, an embodiment of a variable-focus lens using aconical hollow such as in FIG. 5 has been shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, butthe present invention will easily be adapted to a variable-focus lensusing another shape of hollow according to the present invention.

Finally, a device including a network formed of groups of threeseparately-controlled variable-focus lenses, red-, green- andblue-colored, operating for example in all or nothing, enabling lettingthrough or stopping the light coming from a single white light sourcemay be formed, thus forming an illuminated color screen that can be verylarge and of low cost.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited numberof embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of thisdisclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised whichdo not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein.Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by theattached claims.

1. An optical element having an optical axis, comprising: a chamber having a side surface and a bottom surface; a first liquid and a second liquid contained in said chamber; and an electrode insulated from said first liquid and said second liquid, said electrode being placed against at least one of the side surface or the bottom surface of said chamber; wherein said first liquid and second liquid are immiscible and form an optical dioptre.
 2. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the dioptre contacts the side surface of said chamber.
 3. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the side surface of said chamber is arranged at an angle with respect to the optical axis
 4. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the side surface of the chamber comprises a wall made of an insulating material.
 5. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of said chamber is planar.
 6. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of said chamber is convex.
 7. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of said chamber is concave.
 8. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the optical element is a variable-focus lens.
 9. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of said chamber and the dioptre form a plano-convex lens.
 10. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of said chamber and the dioptre form a bi-convex lens.
 11. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of said chamber and the dioptre form a meniscus lens.
 12. The optical element of claim 1, wherein the optical element is part of an optical system comprising an alternating current voltage source.
 13. The optical system of claim 12, wherein the alternating current voltage source has a frequency range between 100 and 10 000 Hz.
 14. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens comprising an optical element and an alternating current voltage source, wherein the optical element comprises an optical axis, and includes a chamber having a side surface comprising a wall made of an insulating material and a bottom surface, a first liquid and a second liquid contained in said chamber, and an electrode insulated from said first liquid and said second liquid, said electrode being placed against at least one of the side surface or the bottom surface of said chamber, wherein said first liquid and second liquid are immiscible and form an optical dioptre, the method comprising: selectively applying a voltage differential between the first liquid and the wall sufficient to change the wettability of the first liquid with respect to the wall to change the shape of the body of the first liquid; and using the change in the shape of the body of the first liquid to change the shape of the dioptre between the first and second liquids.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the alternating current voltage source has a frequency range between 100 and 10 000 Hz.
 16. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens, the method comprising: providing a variable focus lens having an optical axis, and comprising: a chamber having a side surface and a bottom surface, said chamber comprising an wall made of an insulating material; a first conducting liquid and a second insulating liquid contained in said chamber; and an electrode insulated from said first conducting liquid and said second insulating liquid, said electrode being placed against at least one of the side surface or the bottom surface of said chamber; wherein said first conducting liquid and second insulating liquid are immiscible and form an optical dioptre; providing an AC voltage source; and selectively applying a voltage differential between the first conductive liquid and the wall sufficient to change the wetability of the first conducting liquid with respect to the wall to change the shape of the body of the first conductive liquid; and using the change in the shape of the body of the first conductive liquid to change the shape of the dioptre between the first and second liquids.
 17. A method of claim 16, wherein the alternating current voltage source has a frequency range between 100 and 10 000 Hz. 